I read the article you posted on this Adam A Fix for MobileDeviceUpdater’s “Installation Failed” - TidBITS, and it’s a bit overly broad.
The content caching server is the problem here, not “unclick everything you’re sharing.” The Content Caching service downloads stuff to a device on the network, and then redirects all other devices on the network to check with it first (in an attempt to save bandwidth by not having everything download its own copy of the same file). I’ve seen this be brittle, and sometimes there are bad assets that get downloaded.
Honestly, unless you’re on metered bandwidth, or are a school that wants to give the same update to 800 iPads, I’d recommend always just leaving it off (it defaults to off). In the even there is an issue, CC makes it obnoxiously hard to troubleshoot.
But you don’t need to uncheck everything in sharing, that indeed sounds like “voodoo.” This is just a content caching issue.